A Case Report of Iatrogenic Esophageal Perforation: Complication of Orogastric Tube Placement

Introduction: Orogastric tube insertion is a routine procedure in medical care. However, misplacement of the tube can cause a variety of complications, which can be life threatening in some instances. Case Description/Methods: 71-year-old male presented with dyspnea, fever, chills, cough, and myalgia for 2 weeks. He had tachycardia, tachypnea, and was hypoxic to 66% in room air. He was found to have acute hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 Pneumonia and was admitted to ICU. But, he continued to be hypoxic and was started on BiPAP. He eventually became altered, and was intubated. Post intubation orogastric tube (OGT) placement was unsuccessful on the first attempt due to resistance. On the second attempt, the nurse was able to advance partially (Figure). But, a chest XR showed OGT in the mediastinum, and OGT was removed. CT of neck and chest revealed pneumomediastinum with possible mid-thoracic esophageal perforation. The patient was started on broad-spectrum antibiotics and thoracic surgery was consulted. Given his mechanical ventilation requirement, surgery deemed him unfit to tolerate thoracotomy and the endoscopic procedure was not available in the hospital. So, recommendation was to manage conservatively. His hospital course was complicated by hypotension requiring vasopressors and metabolic acidosis in setting of acute renal failure requiring CRRT. Code status was changed by the family to Do Not Resuscitate due to his deteriorating condition. Eventually, he had a PEA arrest and was expired. Discussion(s): OGT intubation is performed at hospitals for feeding, medication administration or gastric decompression. Although it is considered a safe procedure, complications can arise due to OGT misplacement or trauma caused by the OGT itself or the intubation process. OGT misplacement is typically endotracheal or intracranial. Misplacement within the upper GI lumen is usually detected by a kink in the oropharynx or esophagus. The subsequent complications are identified by the structure that is perforated (e.g., mediastinitis or pneumothorax). Regardless of whether counteraction is perceived, the physician must be careful not to apply excessive force. The location of the OGT tip should be determined by a chest radiograph;visualization of the tip below the diaphragm verifies appropriate placement. Complications of OGT insertion are uncommon;however, the consequences are potentially serious, and the anatomy of the upper GI tract should be understood by all who are involved in the care.

Pulmonary artery resection and reconstruction in locally advanced lung cancer with moderate hemoptysis

Lobectomy with pulmonary artery (PA) angioplasty in locally advanced lung cancer is an alternative to pneumonectomy. It is feasible, oncologically effective and the procedure of choice in patients with recurrent hemoptysis and limited pulmonary reserves. We present a case of a successful left upper lobectomy with PA resection and reconstruction by an autologous pericardial patch.Copyright © 2022 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA.

Lung Transplantation in Patients with Irreversible Lung Injury Due to SARS-CoV-2: A Single-Center Experience

Background: Lung transplantation (LTx) has been demonstrated to be a feasible therapy in patients with irreversible lung injury due to SARS-CoV-2. Aim of this retrospective study was to present our experience with LTx in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Method(s): Records of the 136 patients who underwent LTx between January 2021 and August 2022 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. LTx was performed in SARS-CoV-2 patients who showed radiological evidence of irreversible lung failure, after failed attempts of weaning off mechanical ventilation (MV) and ECMO;showed single-organ dysfunction;were SARS-CoV-2 negative, preferably <65 years old and awake under MV and ECMO support. Graft survival was compared between COVID-19 LTx patients and contemporary patients transplanted for other indications. Median follow-up amounted to 7.6 (5.2-14.5) months. Result(s): Among the 79 patients with SARS-CoV-2 lung failure referred for LTx, 9 (11%) patients were listed, 8 of them being transplanted between January 2021 and August 2022. One patient died while on the waiting list. All were on MV and ECMO support (awake in 6 cases) for a median ECMO support time of 75 (38.5-152.8) days. Four (50%) patients were male and median age was 52 (37-57) years. All patients underwent bilateral LTx on ECMO support that was weaned off in all patients at the end of Tx. After LTx, 2 (25%) patients showed a primary graft dysfunction (PGD) score grade 3 at 72 hours and required reinstitution of veno-venous (n = 1) and veno-arterial (n = 1) ECMO support that was successfully weaned after 7 and 6 days, respectively. One patient (12.5%) required rethoracotomy for bleeding, and two (25%) patients required new hemodialysis treatment, with recovery of renal function in all patients. Median MV time amounted to 8 days (1-30), median intensive care unit stay to 19 (13-26) days, and median hospital stay to 91 (62-103) days. No patient died in-hospital. At 1-year follow-up, graft survival was 100% in SARS-CoV-2 LTx patients and 95% for patients (n = 128) transplanted for other indications (p = 0.539). Conclusion(s): Lung transplantation in highly selected SARS-CoV-2 patients yielded excellent posttransplant results. Graft survival was comparable between patients transplanted for SARS-COV-2 pneumonia and patients transplanted for other indications. A multidisciplinary approach is of paramount importance to successfully bridge these patients to transplantation and to guarantee a complete patient functional recovery after transplantation.

Recurrent Hydropneumothorax After COVID-19.

A 60-year-old male with a past medical history of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, obstructive sleep apnea, atrial flutter, and hypertension initially presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of shortness of breath. He was diagnosed with COVID-19-induced acute hypoxic respiratory failure. Before his presentation to the emergency department, he was treated with a brief course of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and prednisone. His initial hospitalization was relatively uncomplicated. He then presented back to the emergency department approximately five months later with chief complaints of continued dyspnea and increased work of breathing. On this presentation, he was noted to have a right-sided pneumothorax with a moderate right-sided pleural effusion. The effusion was drained through CT (computed tomography)-guided catheter insertion. Pleural fluid culture and sensitivity were negative, and a cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) was not performed. He was discharged a few days later to home. Over the next several weeks, the patient had recurrent admissions and chest tube placements for unresolving hydropneumothorax. He eventually had a right-sided posterolateral thoracotomy performed. The tissue sample from the thoracotomy was noted to have positive gram staining for fungal hyphae consistent with aspergillosis. This was initially considered a contaminant and not treated with antifungal medication. Unfortunately, after the thoracotomy, the patient continued to have complications including subcutaneous emphysema and recurring hydropneumothoraces. He was taken for another procedure after a repeat CT showed intercostal herniation of the pleura between the fifth and sixth ribs. The herniation was excised, and the pleura was repaired. This pleural tissue was then sent to pathology and noted to have non-caseating granulomas consistent with aspergillosis. At this time, the patient was started on voriconazole. After initiating this medication, the patient's last chest x-ray showed stable findings of his chronic disease process with no new or worsening hydropneumothorax.

Spontaneous Pneumothorax as Clinical Presentation in a Patient with COVID-19

Spontaneous pneumothorax as an initial presentation is very rare in COVID-19 patient. We present a case where the initial presentation was that of a mild disease and on investigation was found to have pneumothorax without any predisposing risk factors. © 2022, Kathmandu University. All rights reserved.

Benefits of Early Thoracic Surgery in the Elderly During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned From Performing a Video-Assisted Thoracotomy.

Elderly patients are often considered poor surgical candidates for intra-thoracic operations due to the number of comorbidities, increased risks associated with general anesthesia, decreased cardiopulmonary reserve, and overall increased frailty. In addition, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a critical psychosocial factor that, through secondary effects, can prevent patients from receiving optimal care. Patients are reduced to having limited contact with family, often a vital support system, which can contribute to feelings of hopelessness, loneliness, and depression. We report the case of a 95-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with increasing supplemental oxygen requirements two weeks after a ground-level fall. She was found to have multiple rib fractures and a left-sided hemothorax. Initial management included aggressive respiratory therapy, multiple pigtail chest tubes, and thrombolytics; however, these measures failed to drain the intrathoracic hematoma. Her care was complicated by the psychosocial and isolation factors of COVID-19 which led to the patient exhibiting symptoms of hopelessness, grief, lack of appetite, and loneliness. As conservative management did not improve her clinical care the patient required a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) to manage the retained hemothorax and facilitate re-expansion of her atelectatic lung. Once the patient was removed from COVID-19 precautions, she was taken to surgery and postoperatively the patient reported minimal pain, participated more in physical therapy, and increased her oral intake. In this unique case, a 95-year-old patient with a hemothorax that was successfully treated with a VATS had her clinical care complicated by the psychosocial implications of COVID-19.

Association of major postoperative wound and anastomotic complications in thoracic surgery with COVID-19 infection.

Background: One of the most uncommon manifestations of perioperative Covid-19 infection is impaired wound healing. The aim of this study is to present previously unreported observation of thoracotomy and esophageal anastomosis dehiscence in the course of Covid-19 infection after uncomplicated thoracic surgeries. Methods: This is a single-center study describing unusual wound and anastomosis complications in COVID-19 patients after uncomplicated thoracic surgeries. Medical data was prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. All patients admitted to the hospital were symptom free and tested negative for COVID-19 infection preoperatively. Clinical courses were compared to a non-infected control group from historical data. Results: The total of 14 patients were included. Study group involved 7 patients with major wound and anastomosis complications concurrent with COVID-19 infection. Control group was composed of 7 patients matched with the type of surgeries and treated before Coronavirus pandemic. Surgeries included lung transplantations, lung cancer surgeries and esophagectomies. The mean age of the study group was 65.7 years. Major wound and anastomosis complications occurred 13.6 days postoperatively while the mean time of Covid-19 detection was 21 days. The course of infection varied from mild to very severe which resulted in 3 deaths due to COVID-19 induced ARDS. The mean time of hospital stay was 40,9 days. There were no differences between both groups in baseline characteristics while hospitalization time was significantly longer in the study group. Conclusions: COVID-19 infection should be included in differential diagnosis in postoperative patients with major wound or anastomosis complications.

Post COVID-19 pulmonary mass: Case report and review of literatures.

To present an unusual and a rare pulmonary affection by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), in which only one lung is affected. Coronavirus disease-19 attacks the lungs and interferes seriously with their functions. The attack is usually bilaterally, while a uni lateral pulmonary affection is unusual. The presentation, both clinical and radiological findings, bronchoscopy appearance, the strange operative findings of the resected mass, the uneventful post-operative course, in addition to the histopathological report, will be presented.In conclusion, unilateral lung affection is unusual and post-viral pneumonia COVID-19 should be considered as a possible aftermath, which may not be uncommon in Iraq.

Phenytoin to Expedite Sirolimus & Tacrolimus Elimination: A Case Report

Purpose: Sirolimus (SIR), a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi), may be used with or without a calcineurin inhibitor after heart transplant (HT). The antiproliferative properties & 72-hour half-life (T1/2) that make SIR desirable to provide uniform drug exposure & attenuate cardiac allograft vasculopathy add complications when surgical needs or toxicities arise.1,2 SIR-related wound healing impairment necessitates cessation before invasive procedures, yet managing long-acting SIR in these settings is complex due a large volume of distribution & vulnerability to interactions with CYP3A4 inhibitors, prolonging T1/2.2 Phenytoin (PHY), a potent inducer of CYP3A4, has been used to speed tacrolimus (FK) clearance.3 Interaction between PHY & SIR is reported.4 Strategic use of PHY to clear SIR is not described. Method(s): Case review leveraging PHY-inducing effects to expedite SIR & FK elimination while awaiting urgent thoracotomy for mucormycosis. Result(s): The patient developed invasive pulmonary mucormycosis 3 years post-HT. Supratherapeutic levels on admission were SIR 20 ng/mL & FK 15 ng/mL with mycophenolate 500 mg twice daily & prednisone 5 mg twice daily. Treatment was initiated with CYP3A4-inhibiting isavuconazonium sulfate (ISU) & amphotericin B irrigation. Infected lung segment resection was delayed for wound healing risks of SIR. To hasten SIR elimination via CYP3A4 induction, fosPHY load then PHY 100 mg orally thrice daily was initiated on day 5. To maintain infection treatment while inducing metabolism, ISU was converted to systemic amphotericin B. Figure 1 describes SIR, FK, ISU & PHY courses. The calculated T1/2 was shorted from 440 hours on ISU days 3-5 to 32 hours days 7-10 (allowing time for induction). On day 14 thoracotomy & left upper lobectomy were successfully performed with FK & SIR unquantifiable. Conclusion(s): This case illustrates effective induction SIR & FK metabolism using PHY. In the era of CYP 3A4-inhibiting nirmatrelvir-ritonavir availability for COVID-19, strategies to address inadvertent calcineurin inhibitor or mTORi toxicity are paramount. Employing this approach when needing to clear drugs quickly may be beneficial.

DOES COVID-19 INCREASE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CYSTIC LUNG DISEASE?

SESSION TITLE: Late Breaking Chest Infections Posters SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 01:30 pm - 02:30 pm PURPOSE: (1) Assess the characteristics of COVID-19 patients who developed pulmonary cysts, bullae, blebs, and pneumatoceles. (2) Investigate outcomes of patients who developed cystic lung disease from COVID-19. METHODS: A literature search using Pubmed, Cochrane, and Embase was performed for case reports from 2020 to 2022 describing COVID-19 patients who developed lung cysts, bullae, blebs and pneumatoceles. The following data were extracted: patient demographics, presence of underlying lung disease, history of smoking, maximum oxygen requirements during acute illness, imaging findings, complications, and patient mortality. RESULTS: 65 publications (11 case series and 54 case reports) with a total sample size of 76 patients were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 52.2 ± 15.8 years. A majority of the cases were males (n=67, 88.2%). Twelve (15.8%) cases had an underlying lung disease, such as COPD or asthma, and 16 (21.1%) cases had a history of smoking tobacco. We categorized severity of illness based on the levels of oxygen requirement defined as: (1) mild - 0 to 2 liters of oxygen, (2) moderate - greater than 2 liters of oxygen to face mask/venturi mask and (3) severe - high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, or mechanical ventilation. The majority of patients (n=40, 52.6%) had severe illness while 7 (9.2%) and 17 (22.4%) presented with mild and moderate disease, respectively. Of the 25 (32.9%) patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation, duration of ventilator days was provided for 14 patients, with a median of 40 days (interquartile range=54). Twenty-one (27.6%) patients were found to have cysts on imaging, 26 (34.2%) were found to have bullae, 3 (3.9%) were found to have blebs, 15 (19.7%) were found to have pneumatoceles, and 11 (14.5%) were found to have more than one of the aforementioned findings. A total of 53 (69.7%) patients developed pneumothorax and 12 (15.8%) developed pneumomediastinum. Seventeen (22.4%) patients were on the mechanical ventilator while pulmonary complications occurred. Additionally, 41 (53.9%) required chest tube placement, 16 (21.1%) required surgical intervention including open thoracotomy or video assisted thoracoscopy. A total of 47 (61.8%) cases reported either resolution of symptoms and complications, or improved imaging findings following interventions. The rate of inpatient mortality was 11.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe COVID-19 may have a higher risk for developing cystic lung disease, hence, increasing the risk for complications such as pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Patients who had severe COVID-19 may benefit from closer follow up and serial imaging for early detection of cystic lung disease. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Kavita Batra No relevant relationships by Rajany Dy No relevant relationships by Christina Fanous No relevant relationships by Wilbur Ji No relevant relationships by Max Nguyen No relevant relationships by Omar Sanyurah

PLEOMORPHIC CARCINOMA IN THE MIDST OF COVID

SESSION TITLE: Pathology Identifying Chest Infections Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Pleomorphic carcinoma is a subtype of sarcomatoid carcinomas that represents <1 % of all primary lung neoplasms. This case highlights a recent diagnosis of a patient with pleomorphic carcinoma in the midst of COVID-19 pneumonia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75 year old female with a 180-pack year smoking history presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and chest discomfort. Vital signs significant for oxygen saturation at 93% on room air. The patient had been admitted to the hospital 7 months prior for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia. At that point, computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed a right lower lobe 5.5 cm juxtapleural lesion measuring fluid attenuation by Hounsfield units without intralesional enhancement. The lesion was initially thought to be secondary to the patient's COVID-19 pneumonia and was not investigated further. The patient was subsequently lost to follow up. Seven months later the patient presented with worsening shortness of breath. Chest CT revealed large right complex pleural effusion with near complete lung collapse. The patient underwent pigtail catheter placement with partial re-expansion of the lung. Pleural fluid analysis showed an exudative effusion with no malignant cells on cytology. Follow-up CT imaging showed a large mass-like area in the right mid and lower hemithorax. Video assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) decortication and thoracotomy revealed a right lower lobe abscess and empyema. Pathology samples collected during procedure showed malignant cells of sarcamatoid features found in right lung and intraparenchymal lymph nodes. Histology and immunostaining showed a tumor composed of a component of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and more than 10% spindle/pleomorphic cells. Immunostaining showed the poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma component was positive for moc 31, Ber-EP4, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, lack TTF-1 and p40. The spindle/pleomorphic component was negative for cytokeratins. DISCUSSION: Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PC) is a rare, poorly differentiated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that contains at least 10% spindle and/or giant cells or a carcinoma consisting only of spindle and giant cells. PC has poor response to conventional treatments for NSCLC and subsequently poor 5 year survival. It more common in men and smokers. COVID-19 causes a variety of pulmonary radiographic manifestations, including nodules and mass-like consolidations. Superimposed bacterial infections are also common. Our case, however, highlights the importance of serial radiographic monitoring and, when indicated, tissue sampling to rule out alternative explanations for abnormal CT findings. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate screening and careful follow up of suspicious lung lesions is vital to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment of lung malignancy. Reference #1: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Thoracic Tumours. In: WHO Classification of Tumours,Earke 5th ed, IARC Publications, 2021. Vol 5. Reference #2: Ito K, Oizumi S, Fukumoto S, Harada M, Ishida T, Fujita Y, Harada T, Kojima T, Yokouchi H, Nishimura M;Hokkaido Lung Cancer Clinical Study Group. Clinical characteristics of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer. 2010 May;68(2):204-10. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.06.002. Epub 2009 Jul 3. PMID: 19577320. Reference #3: Maneenil K, Xue Z, Liu M, Boland J, Wu F, Stoddard SM, Molina J, Yang P. Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Lung: The Mayo Clinic Experience in 127 Patients. Clin Lung Cancer. 2018 May;19(3):e323-e333. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2017.12.008. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29454534. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Rachel Earle No relevant relationships by Samantha Gillenwater No relevant relationships by Miquel Gonzalez No relevant relationships by Sikandar Khan No relevant relationships by Christopher Lau no disclosure submitted for Jinesh Mehta;

Surgery for Stage IVA Metastatic Thymoma Found Incidentally Post-COVID-19

Background: Thymic epithelial tumours (TET) are rare thoracic cancers with reported annual incidence of 1.3-3.2 per million. TETs are histologically classified as thymomas or thymic carcinomas. Thymomas are slow-growing tumours that comprise the majority of lesions found in the anterior mediastinum. They can be associated with autoimmune disorders such as Myasthenia Gravis. Contrast CT is the standard for diagnosis. Surgery is treatment of choice depending on resectability of the tumour. The Masaoka-Koga staging system is correlated with overall survival and is utilised post-surgical resection to guide adjuvant treatment. Case Presentation: A 50-year-old male presented with cough, shortness of breath, myalgia, sore throat, and reduced sense of smell that was diagnosed as COVID-19. CT chest and abdomen showed a large heterogeneous mediastinal mass (11cm) invading the innominate vein and left upper lobe with two left pleural deposits, and diaphragmatic disease. CT biopsy confirmed thymoma. MDT recommended surgery due to patient age and resectability of tumour with post-operative chemotherapy. The sites of disease necessitated a left thoracotomy and median sternotomy. The pleural and diaphragmatic deposits were resected, followed by left upper lobe anatomical dissection enbloc with invaded pericardium, phrenic and vagus nerve, followed by median sternotomy to resect the thymic mass along with the innominate vein. Final staging was stage IVA thymoma (B2 and B3) (T3N0M1aR0). A CT scan at 1 year showed no recurrence despite patient declining adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: Surgical resection is a viable treatment option for patients with stage IVA thymoma who present with resectable primary and metastatic disease.

Salvage Pulmonary Resection in Stage IIIb-IV Lung Cancer After Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - A Case Series

Aim: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown to prolong survival in patients that have locally advanced stage III/IV and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The role that salvages surgery plays in persistent localised disease and unresponsive synchronous cancer following treatment with a course of ICIs is not yet fully clear. We present a case series of nine patients with stage III/ IV NSCLC that underwent surgical resection after treatment with the ICI, pembrolizumab. Method: Six cases underwent salvage surgery after downstaging of the primary cancer following pembrolizumab treatment and three patients had resection of contralateral lung nodules that were unresponsive to ICI therapy. Three of the cases were open thoracotomies, 3 were robotic-assisted and 2 were video-assisted. One case was converted to open due to pulmonary artery involvement. Results: There was complete, successful macroscopic resection in all cases with each showing histological evidence for active cancer cells. One patient died of COVID pneumonitis in the community within 60 days of surgery. All other patients are alive with no evidence of localised disease or of any disease reoccurrence within 3-18 months of their surgery. Conclusions: Our case series demonstrates the potential for salvage pulmonary resection in select patients with advanced stage NSCLC who have persistent localised disease or unresponsive synchronous cancer after treatment with the ICI, pembrolizumab. Salvage surgery in this group of patients is safe and pragmatic despite high levels of post-immunotherapy hilar fibrosis. Further studies will be required in order to assess overall survival rates.

Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 Unrelated to Mechanical Ventilation: A Case Report

BACKGROUND: Pneumomediastinum is a rare disease associated with barotrauma and uncommonly occurs in viral pneumonia. Although the underlying mechanism of the incidence of pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 patients is not fully understood, barotrauma is the most probable cause. CASE REPORT: We reported a case of a 27-year-old woman with the chief complaint that was shortness of breath and diagnosed with COVID-19 based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction examination. On the 6th day after being admitted to the hospital, suddenly, the intensity of dyspnea was increased with the decrease of oxygen saturation. Computerized tomography of the chest confirmed pneumomediastinum and pneumonia COVID-19. There was no improvement of symptoms after oxygen and steroid administration. Emergency thoracotomy was not performed;yet, and the patient has died. CONCLUSIONS: Although pneumomediastinum is benign disease and self-limited disease, the presents of pneumomediastinum may relate to worse outcomes in COVID-19 infections.

Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy Before Resection to AvoId Delay for Early-Stage LunG Cancer or OligomEts

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic led to worldwide barriers to access to operating rooms;some multidisciplinary thoracic oncology teams pivoted to a paradigm of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) as a bridge to provide radical-intent treatment combining immediate SABR followed by planned surgery when surgical resource constraints ameliorated. This pragmatic approach, termed SABR-BRIDGE, was instituted with prospective data collection at four institutions (3 Canada, 1 USA);herein we present the surgical and pathological results from this approach. Methods: Eligible participants had early-stage presumed or biopsy-proven lung malignancy that would otherwise be surgically-resected. SABR was delivered using standard institutional guidelines with one of three fractionation regimens: 30-34 Gy /1 fraction, 45-55 Gy/3-5 fractions, or 60 Gy/8 fractions. Surgery was recommended at a minimum of 3 months following SABR with standardized pathologic assessment of resected tissue. A pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as absence of viable cancer, and a major pathologic response (MPR) was defined as ≤10% viable tissue. Results: Seventy-five participants were enrolled, of which 72 received SABR. Following SABR, 26 patients underwent resection, while 46 did not;reasons for not undergoing surgery included metastasis (n=2), non-cancer death (n=1), awaiting lung surgery (n=13) and patient choice given favorable post-SABR imaging response (n=30). Of 26 patients who underwent resection, 62% had a pre-treatment biopsy. The most common SABR regimens were 34 Gy /1 fraction (31%) and 48 Gy in 3-4 fractions (31%). SABR was well-tolerated, with two grade 1 toxicities (pain, 7.7%), and one grade 3 pneumonitis (3.8%). Median time-to-surgery was 4.5 months from SABR completion (range:2-17.5 months). Most had minimally-invasive surgery (n=19, 73%) with 4 patients (15%) requiring conversion to thoracotomy, and 3 (12%) had planned open operation. Surgery was reported as being more difficult because of SABR in 38% (n=10). There were two intraoperative complications (7.7%, pulmonary artery injury), and 8 patients with post-operative complications (31%, all grade 2, most commonly air leaks [n=5]). The amount of residual primary tumor ranged from 0% to 90%. Thirteen (50%) had pCR while 19 (73%) had MPR. Rates of pCR were higher in patients operated upon at earlier time points (75% if within 3 months, 50% if 3-6 months, and 33% if ≥6 months). Rates of pCR were higher in patients without pre-treatment tissue diagnosis (91% versus 20% in those without and with tissue diagnosis, respectively). In 31% (n=8) of patients, nodal disease was discovered on resection, with half being N2 (4/26=15%). Conclusions: The SABR-BRIDGE approach allowed for delivery of treatment with minimal upstaging during a period of operating room closure & high risk for patients. Surgery was well-tolerated. However, most patients who received SABR did not proceed to surgery, limiting precise estimates of pCR rates. However, the reported pCR rate is consistent with previous phase II trial data. Keywords: lung surgery, SBRT, Multi-modal therapy

Late-Onset Non-islet Cell Tumor Hypoglycemia Associated with a Pleural Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A 53-year-old, non-diabetic lady was evaluated for worsening breathlessness over the past 1 year. She was diagnosed with a lung lesion a year ago, but the prevailing COVID-19 situation prevented her from seeking further evaluation. She began to have early morning episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia over the previous 4 months, which were relieved with dextrose infusions. The evaluation showed low insulin, low C-peptide, and high insulin-like growth factor-2 to insulin-like growth factor-1 ratio. High-resolution computed tomography scan of the thorax showed a 19.5 cm x 16.6 cm x 23.8 cm mass in the left hemithorax, and a microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen of which was consistent with the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor. The patient underwent sternotomy with left anterior thoracotomy with successful excision of the fibrous tumor. Post-operatively, histopathological diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor was confirmed. There were no further episodes of hypoglycemia, and the patient was completely recovered.

Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia in a Previously Healthy 12-Year-Old Male

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was better recognized to be a nosocomial pathogen found mainly in intensive care units and occurring especially in elderly persons. However, rare but potentially fatal cases of community-acquired MRSA infection have emerged. Risk factors such as infection of the skin or soft tissues, influenza virus infection, history of recent hospital admissions, or immunocompromised status were identified. The prevalence of MRSA in children especially those without risk factors is extremely low. Case: This is a case of a previously healthy 12-year-old male who presented with acute onset of high-grade fever and exertional dyspnea. Upon admission, the patient was in respiratory distress and hypotensive. The patient was managed as a case of severe sepsis with the following considerations: COVID-19 infection, severe pneumonia, tuberculosis, and malignancy. Although the clinical presentation and imaging findings were suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis infection, sputum and blood culture were positive for MRSA. The patient required admission to the intensive care unit and underwent close tube thoracotomy insertion and tube pericardiostomy due to the rapid spread of infection. The patient was also treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. Thus, anti-tuberculosis medications were added to Vancomycin, with noted improvement thereafter. Discussion: This case highlights the importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis of MRSA pneumonia leading to optimal patient outcome. With this, the rapid institution of appropriate antibiotics is crucial. However, clinical diagnosis is frequently difficult resulting in to delay of diagnosis.

Rare case of cystic schwannoma presenting as right upper lobe lung cyst

Background: Schwannomaare benign tumors arising from Schwann cells of nerve root sheaths. Schwannomasare mostly solid / heterogeneous solid tumours, rarely cystic. Presentation of cystic schwannomainthorax is extremely rare. Case Study: A 62-year-old female came to our hospital withthe complaint of right sided chest pain for 2 months, which is dull, non-radiating. She had history of fever 4 months back, diagnosed to have covid and took treatment at home. Chest x-ray showed a homogenous opacity in the right upper lobe extending up to 1stintercostal space. Ct reported well-defined thick-walled cyst, hypodensewith central low attenuation, forming acute angles with lung parenchyma in apical segments of right upper lobe towards mediastinum. Mild perilesional atelectasis is seen.On contrast, cyst is non enhancing. Patient is evaluated for the possibilities of Foregut duplication cyst, Hydatidcyst, Neoplasm. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a 5cms×5cms cyst, which is not communicating, infiltrating to esophagus. Patient was referred to ctvswhere excision of cyst is done by right thoracotomy .A 6cms×6cms×2cms unilocularcyst with wall thickness ranging from 0.1- 0.4cms. Its outer surface is congested, inner surface showed dark-brown hemorrhagic contents. Histopathological examination revealed cystic schwannoma. Discussion: Schwannomasare mostly benign in nature .Treatment includes excision of Bronchogenic cyst, Brachial cyst, neurogenic tumours, apical lung tumour, hydatid cyst, foregut duplication cyst are to be considered as differential diagnosis. It is important to consider cystic schwannomasin the differential diagnosis of thoracic cystsince the best surgical outcome is strongly related to earlier diagnosis and total resection of the lesion.

Post covid pulmonary mucormycosis, early interventions surgical complications and outcome

Background: Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. These infections remain difficult to diagnose and their management is complicated by their aggressive course of disease. Discussion: A 50yrs old female, case of rheumatoid arthritis on treatment, post covid presented in a state of DKA with complaints of fever, cough, breathlessness and right sided pleuritic chest pain for >1 month with 2-3 episodes of minimal hemoptysis. CXR s/o Right middle lobe cavity lesion. Bronchoscopy: Right UL bronchial segments inflamed, irregular sloughed mucosa with endobronchial narrowing, biopsy obtained. HPE s/o mucormycosis Patient started on IV antibiotics & antifungals. Thoracotomy- Right upper and middle lobectomy done on day 8 of hospitalization. Right upper lobe had two large necrotic thick walled cavities with blackish slough. On post-op day 4 patient developed large air leak in ICD s/o BPF. Second thoracotomy for BPF repair done after 7weeks of 1stsurgery. Patient had respiratory distress after extubation. CXR showed right opaque hemithorax with pull of mediastinum. Required urgent bronchoscopy to remove endobronchial mucus plug. Conclusion: Prognosis and outcome have improved as a result of early diagnosis, newer antifungals agents & surgical debridement. Antifungal treatment, surgical interventions & high risk of post surgical complications in an immunocompromised elderly host is grave challenge. But our case had a positive clinical outcome.

Rare and interesting case of solitary peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysm

Background: We report a rare case of solitary peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysm in a patient who was evaluated for haemoptysis. Incidentally, his total antibodies were positive for Coronavirus 2019 infection. Patient underwent right lower lobectomy uneventfully. Peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysms arising from segmental or intrapulmonary branches are extremely rare. Untreated, the majority end fatally due to sudden rupture and exsanguination. The purpose of this article is to report our rare case and review the pertinent literature. Case Study: A 40-year-old man presented with an episode of haemoptysis. He had a history of intermittent mild grade fever, cough and dyspnea lasting for a month. He had no history of haemoptysis in the past. He had no pre-existing medical conditions or Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection. His clinical examination was unremarkable. Blood investigations were within normal limits. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test was negative for COVID-19 infection, but his total antibodies test was elevated -117 (biologicalreference range <1.0). 2D Echocardiography was normal. Chest radiography showed a solitary pulmonary lesion in the right lower lung zone [Figure 1a].A computed tomography of the chest plain and contrast confirmed the presence of a 3.7 cm-3.6 cm, well-defined, circumscribed and densely enhancing lesion in apicoposterior segment of right lower lobe. It is seen along the course of descending branch of the right pulmonary artery. Areas of consolidation are also seen in apicoposterior segment. Postcontrast study shows heterogenous enhancement of this lesion suggestive of an aneurysm. The rest of lung parenchyma was normal [Figure 1b and c].The diagnosis of a solitary peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) was considered and right lower lobectomy was performed through posterolateral thoracotomy. Discussion: The estimated incidence of PAA is 1 in 14 000 autopsies, and these lesions can be central aneurysms and peripheral aneurysm. An aneurysm can be true or pseudo aneurysm. In this patient, an aneurysm is a true aneurysm and origin may be idiopathic or post-inflammatory with superadded fungal infection in thrombus, post-COVID-19 infection. Long-term follow up is required to observe the future course Conclusion: True solitary peripheral PAA is an extremely rare entity. A high degree of suspicion is needed for diagnosing PAAs on imaging. Intervention is mandatory as soon as the diagnosis is made, to prevent rupture and death. PAA has been managed most often by lobectomy but occasionally by pulmonary artery repair or endovascular approach.